![]() Sensitivity to temporal parameters when food is the reinforcer. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 191–199.īuskist, W. A facilitative effect of punishment on unpunished behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31, 71–81.īrener, J. The effect of punishment on free-operant choice behavior in humans. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29, 161–166.īradshaw, C. Effect of variable-interval punishment on the behavior of humans in variable-interval schedules of monetary reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 27, 275–279.īradshaw, C. Effect of punishment on human variable-interval performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.īradshaw, C. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: Areas of research and application (pp. The study of animal sensory processes by operant methods. The Psychological Record, 40, 187–196.īlough, D. Punished and nonpunished responding in a multiple schedule in humans: A brief report. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 201–212.īennett, R. Recognition memory in older adults: Adjustment to changing contingencies. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 177–185.īaron, A., and Surdy, T. Facilitation and suppression of human loss-avoidance by signaled, unavoidable loss. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 557–565.īaron, A., and Kaufman, A. Human, free-operant avoidance of “time out” from monetary reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 26, 165–180.īaron, A., and Kaufman, A. Clock avoidance of human performance on avoidance and fixed-interval schedules. Amsterdam: Elsevier.īaron, A., and Galizio, M. Experimental analysis of behavior: Part 1 (pp. Lattal (Eds.), Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences: Vol. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 3, 155–159.īaron, A. ![]() Escape and avoidance response of pre-school children to two schedules of reinforcement withdrawal. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 6, 141–148.īaer, D. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Īzrin, N. ![]() Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 183–200.Īzrin, N. Journal of Psychology, 42, 3–21.Īzrin, N. Some effects of two intermittent schedules of immediate and non-immediate punishment. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 411–419.Īzrin, N. Punishment as a discriminative stimulus and conditioned reinforcer with humans. A role for negative reinforcement of response omission in punishment? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 48, 407–416.Īyllon, T., and Azrin, N. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 6, 357–359.Īrbuckle, J. Free-operant avoidance conditioning in individual and paired human subjects. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4, 275–276.Īder, R., and Tatum, R. Free-operant avoidance conditioning in human subjects. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īder, R., and Tatum, R. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. One goal of the present chapter is to encourage more research on this topic with human subjects. ![]() It is unfortunate that the study of negative reinforcement and punishment is in decline (Baron, 1991), because its analysis is needed to increase the data base of our discipline, and the procedures can be used therapeutically to improve the lives of many people (e.g., by reducing self-injurious behavior). Indeed, it has been argued that positive reinforcement is really only negative reinforcement in disguise, because all behavior is based on escape and avoidance (Hull, 1943). Furthermore, negative reinforcement and punishment are particularly powerful, and constantly are present in the physical environment. Studying only positive consequences of behavior will reveal only half of the picture. Although the use of negative reinforcement and punishment is sometimes controversial and unpopular, an experimental analysis of those procedures is crucial if we are to achieve our goal of predicting, controlling, and interpreting the behavior of organisms. ![]()
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